Which are the most important segmentation algorithms?

Hello everybody, For my studies, I need to learn about the most important segmentation algorithms in OpenCV. Today I don’t know much about OpenCV at all (total noob). So, first I need to find out which algorithms exist. After that how they work, where their limits are, to understand how to choose the right one for a specific task and at least how to use them plus to teach their use to my fellow students. I must use c#  openCVSharp  OpenCV2.4.10 All-in-one package from github.com Maybe this reduces a bit the number of algorithms.?. Thanks for every help!